Who the real Saint Valentine is is open to speculation, but there are three possible candidates - and all of them were martyrs. Two of them were beheaded by the Roman emperor Claudius II, one for conducting secret marriages, which were forbidden, and the other for helping Christians escape from a Roman prison, where they were beaten and tortured. Another was imprisoned and fell in love with the jailer's daughter and sent her a letter signed "From your Valentine". Whoever this unfortunate saint was, all the stories paint the same picture of Valentine: a heroic and romantic figure.
Saint Valentine's Day was proclaimed on February 14 by Pope Gelasius in the late 5th century, probably as a reaction of the Catholic Church to the pagan fertility festival called Lupercalia, which was celebrated around that time. In the Middle Ages, thanks to the idea that the mating season of birds begins in mid-February, the idea that Valentine's Day is associated with love was born. It was during this period that Valentine's Day greetings became popular, although they would have to be delivered on horseback or on foot rather than sent by pigeons, as these birds had enough to do.